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<title><string language="fre"><![CDATA[EN-5. Understanding the costs of climate policies]]></string></title>
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<string language="fre"><![CDATA[Jean-Charles Hourcade discusses about the possibility of a carbon price, about its interests but also about its limits and difficulties regarding its implementation. Then he analyses the three tools that are currently used for the climate policies: taxes, quotas and technical standards.]]></string></description>
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NOTE:Economiste, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l’Environnement et le Développement, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France Jean-Charles Hourcade is director of research at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). He is acting director of the CIRED (Centre International de recherches sur l’Environnement et le Développement), a laboratory belonging both to CNRS and to E.H.E.S.S. (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris). Since 1990, he played a key role in French social science research coordination for backing up the awareness and negotiating capacities of official and governmental agencies in charge the climate change. As convening lead author of chapters for the Second (1996) and the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC and also in taking part in various European networks within EU and to the EMF (Stanford), he is committed to international cooperation. References : ·	2006, with P.R. Shukla, Mathy, S., « Untying the Climate-Development Gordian Knot - Economic Options in a Politically Constrained World », à paraître in R. Guesnerie, H. Tulkens, (eds.), MIT Press, 19 p. ·	2003, avec Lecocq, F. - “Incertitude, irréversibilités et actualisation dans les calculs économiques sur l’effet de serre, pp. 177-199.- In : R. GUESNERIE -Kyoto et l’économie de l’effet de serre, Rapport du Conseil d’analyse économique, n° 39, Paris, La Documentation Française, 263 p. ·	1998, "Les dividendes économiques d'une réforme fiscale écologique" 
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