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<title><string language="fre"><![CDATA[Companions in Restoration: Buffalo Ranching as Interspecies and Intercommunity Reconciliation, The Case of Dan O’Brien’s "Wild Idea" / Tom Lynch]]></string></title>
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<string language="fre"><![CDATA[Companions in Restoration: Buffalo Ranching as Interspecies and Intercommunity Reconciliation, The Case of Dan O’Brien’s Wild Idea / Tom Lynch, Keynote in International Symposium "Companion Species in North American Cultural Productions", organisé, sous la responsabilité scientifique de Claire Cazajous et Wendy Harding, par le Département d'Études du monde anglophone, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, 17 juin 2016. 
In
the European settlement of North America, companion species were an essential
component of the settler-colonial process. As Alfred Crosby and others have
demonstrated, Europeans brought with them a suite of animals and plants from
the old continent that they utilized both to supplant the Indigenous
populations and then to reconstruct a neo-European landscape replete with
grasses, shrubs, trees, and domestic animals that were either derived from, or closely
approximated, European varieties. This process had enormously detrimental
effects on various native bioregions, at times completely altering their
composition. One of the most notable examples of this process was the
replacement of native bison by imported European cattle varieties over nearly
the full extent of their original range, resulting in the near extinction of
the bison by the last years of the 19th century.
As is
well known, buffalo were an integral species in the lives of the Native
communities of the prairie biogregions of the Great Plains, providing
sustenance, shelter, clothing, and a variety of material goods; and the species
was central to the religious life of most prairie cultures. The animal and the
people had an intimate, one might say companionate, relationship. 
In
the past century, the cattle ranching industry that replaced the bison hunting
regime of the Indigenous populations has proven to be difficult to sustain
ecologically, economically, and socially. This has resulted in renewed efforts
to restore bison to some of their historic range, a project that can perhaps be
seen as an attempt to renew a companionate relationship between humans and
buffalo on the Great Plains. 
In
this talk I examine a number of works of non-fiction, in particular Dan
O'Brien's two memoirs, Buffalo for the
Broken Heart: Restoring Life to a Black Hills Ranch and Wild Idea: Buffalo and Family in a Difficult
Land, that recount efforts to supplant the settler-colonial cattle industry
with a restored economy/ecology based on bison. I pay particular attention to several
elements:
1) the efforts to prevent buffalo raised on ranches for slaughter from becoming
industrialized like the cattle industry. That is, can ranched buffalo maintain
much of their wildness and species autonomy?
2)
the ecologically positive cascading effect of replacing cattle with buffalo,
which seems to result in an increase in biological diversity and richness.
3)
the similar potentially positive effect on familial and social relations of
buffalo restoration.
4)
the possibility of enhanced connections between European settler-colonists and
Indigenous communities based on a mutual interest in buffalo ranching.
In
short, my paper seeks to address the question of the degree to which buffalo
ranching can be seen as an effort at reconciliation between settler-colonists
and both native species and Indigenous communities. Can the companionate
relationship between people and bison be restored on the Geat Plains, and if
so, with what rippling consequences?]]></string></description>
<keyword><string language="fre"><![CDATA[relations homme-animal]]></string></keyword><keyword><string language="fre"><![CDATA[nature (dans la littérature)]]></string></keyword><keyword><string language="fre"><![CDATA[écocritique]]></string></keyword><keyword><string language="fre"><![CDATA[bison d'Amérique]]></string></keyword><keyword><string language="fre"><![CDATA[colonisation (Etats-Unis)]]></string></keyword>
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NOTE: Tom Lynch is an English professor at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, where he teaches ecocriticism and place-oriented literatures. He is editor of the journal Western American Literature, author of Xerophilia: Ecocritical Explorations in Southwestern Literature, and co-editor of several volumes, including The Bioregional Imagination: Literature, Ecology, and Place and Artifacts and Illuminations: Critical Essays on Loren Eiseley. > Voir sa page personnelle (UNL). 
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