<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><lom xmlns="http://ltsc.ieee.org/xsd/LOM" xmlns:lomfr="http://www.lom-fr.fr/xsd/LOMFR" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://ltsc.ieee.org/xsd/LOM http://www.lom-fr.fr/xsd/lomfrv1.0/std/lomfr.xsd">
<general>
<identifier>
<catalog>Canal-U_Ocms</catalog>
<entry>4049</entry>
</identifier>
<title><string language="fre"><![CDATA[Majorities Against Utility : Implications of the Failure of the Miracle of Aggregation]]></string></title>
<language>ENG</language>
<description>
<string language="fre"><![CDATA[La sagesse collective : principes et mécanismes
Colloque des 22-23 mai 2008, organisé par l'Institut du Monde Contemporain du Collège de France, sous la direction du Professeur Jon Elster.
Intervention de Bryan Caplan, George Mason University, 23 mai 2008
A surprising conclusion of modern political economy is that democracies with highly ignorant voters can still deliver very good results as long as voters' errors balance each other out. This result is known as the Miracle of Aggregation. This paper begins by reviewing a large body of evidence against this Miracle. Empirically, voters' errors tend to be systematic; they compound rather than cancel.
Furthermore, since most citizens vote for the policies they believe are best for society, systematic errors lead voters to support socially suboptimal policies. The paper then considers the case for "paternalistically" vetoing popular but misguided democratic decisions, presenting several arguments that overruling democratic decisions is much less objectionable than overruling individual decisions. In fact, since democracies routinely adopt paternalistic policies, the opponent of paternalism for individual decisions should embrace paternalism for democratic decisions. The paper concludes byconsidering several different mechanisms for improving upon majority rule.]]></string></description>
<keyword><string language="fre"><![CDATA[comportement collectif]]></string></keyword><keyword><string language="fre"><![CDATA[démocratie]]></string></keyword><keyword><string language="fre"><![CDATA[rationalité]]></string></keyword><keyword><string language="fre"><![CDATA[sagesse]]></string></keyword><keyword><string language="fre"><![CDATA[prise de décision]]></string></keyword><keyword><string language="fre"><![CDATA[interaction sociale]]></string></keyword>
<lomfr:documentType>
<lomfr:source>LOMFRv1.0</lomfr:source>
<lomfr:value>image en mouvement</lomfr:value>
</lomfr:documentType>
</general><lifeCycle>
<contribute>
<role>
<source>LOMv1.0</source>
<value>author</value>
</role>
<entity><![CDATA[BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
CLASS:PUBLIC
REV:2021-07-06 14:44:07
FN:Bryan CAPLAN
N:CAPLAN;Bryan;;;
URL;TYPE=work:https://www.canal-u.tv/auteurs/caplan_bryan
ROLE:author
NOTE:Bryan Caplan is an Associate Professor of Economics at George MasonUniversity. He received his B.A. in economics (with a minor inphilosophy) from UC Berkeley, and his Ph.D. in economics from Princeton. His articles have been published in the American Economic Review, the Economic Journal, the Journal of Law and Economics, Rationality and Society, Social Science Quarterly, and many other outlets. Caplan is the author of *The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies*, published in 2007 by Princeton University Press. The book has been widely discussed in the media, including *The Economist* and *The New York Times*. His next major project is another book, *The Selfish Reason to Have More Kids*. 
TZ:+0200
END:VCARD
]]></entity>
<date><dateTime>2008-05-22</dateTime></date>
</contribute>
<contribute>
<role>
<source>LOMv1.0</source>
<value>publisher</value>
</role>
<entity><![CDATA[BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
CLASS:PUBLIC
REV:2021-07-06 14:44:07
FN:C.E.R.I.M.E.S.
N:C.E.R.I.M.E.S.;;;;
URL;TYPE=work:http://www.cerimes.fr
ROLE:publisher
NOTE:Le CERIMES, Centre de ressources et d'information sur les multimédias pour l'enseignement supérieur est un service associé au CNDP, Centre national de documentation pédagogique et placé sous la tutelle de la Sous-direction des technologies de l'information et de la communication pour l'éducation (SDTICE) du Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche. Régi par les articles D 314-91 à D 314-98 du Code de l'éducation, il prend la succession du Service du film de recherche scientifique SFRS. Le CERIMES a pour missions principales : - de faciliter l'accès des enseignants, chercheurs et étudiants de l'enseignement supérieur aux ressources audiovisuelles et multimédias et de les aider à les intégrer dans l'enseignement. A ce titre, il participe au repérage de ces ressources, à leur organisation et leur indexation, leur gestion, leur diffusion et leur valorisation, en particulier en ce qui concerne les ressources produites par les établissements d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche ; - de produire ou coproduire des documents audiovisuels ou multimédias à la demande d'enseignants ou de chercheurs ; - d'informer sur les dispositifs de formation à distance des établissements de l'enseignement supérieur pour tout renseignement concernant ce site et nos activités : info at cerimes.fr 
TZ:+0200
END:VCARD
]]></entity>
<date><dateTime>2008-05-22</dateTime></date>
</contribute>
<contribute>
<role>
<source>LOMv1.0</source>
<value>publisher</value>
</role>
<entity><![CDATA[BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
CLASS:PUBLIC
REV:2021-07-06 14:44:07
FN:COLLEGE DE FRANCE
N:COLLEGE DE FRANCE;;;;
URL;TYPE=work:Collège de France
ROLE:publisher
TZ:+0200
END:VCARD
]]></entity>
<date><dateTime>2008-05-22</dateTime></date>
</contribute>
<contribute>
<role>
<source>LOMv1.0</source>
<value>content provider</value>
</role>
<entity><![CDATA[BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
CLASS:PUBLIC
REV:2021-07-06 14:44:07
FN:Marcel LECAUDEY
N:LECAUDEY;Marcel;;;
URL;TYPE=work:http://www.cerimes.education.fr
ROLE:content provider
TZ:+0200
END:VCARD
]]></entity>
<date><dateTime>2008-05-22</dateTime></date>
</contribute>
<contribute>
<role>
<source>LOMv1.0</source>
<value>content provider</value>
</role>
<entity><![CDATA[BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
CLASS:PUBLIC
REV:2021-07-06 14:44:07
FN:Loïc QUENTIN
N:QUENTIN;Loïc;;;
URL;TYPE=work:http://www.cerimes.education.fr
ROLE:content provider
TZ:+0200
END:VCARD
]]></entity>
<date><dateTime>2008-05-22</dateTime></date>
</contribute>
</lifeCycle>
<metaMetadata>
<metadataSchema>LOMv1.0</metadataSchema>
<metadataSchema>LOMFRv1.0</metadataSchema>
</metaMetadata>
<technical>
<format>video/mp4</format>
<location><![CDATA[https://www.canal-u.tv/video/college_de_france/majorities_against_utility_implications_of_the_failure_of_the_miracle_of_aggregation.4049]]></location>
<location><![CDATA[https://streaming-canal-u.fmsh.fr/vod/media/canalu/videos/cdf/majorities.against.utility.implications.of.the.failure.of.the.miracle.of.aggregation_4049/majorities_against_utility_implications_of_the_failure_of_the_miracle_of_aggregation.sd.mp4]]></location>
<size>145191804</size>
<duration><duration>PT0H53M36S</duration></duration>
</technical>
<educational>
<learningResourceType>
<source>LOMv1.0</source>
<value>lecture</value>
</learningResourceType>
<context>
<source>LOMv1.0</source>
<value>licence</value>
</context>
</educational>
<rights>
<cost>
<source>LOMv1.0</source>
<value>no</value>
</cost>
<copyrightAndOtherRestrictions>
<source>LOMv1.0</source>
<value>no</value>
</copyrightAndOtherRestrictions>
<description>
<string language="fre"><![CDATA[Droits réservés à l'éditeur et aux auteurs. 
]]></string>
</description>
</rights>
<relation>
<kind>
<source>LOMv1.0</source>
<value>ispartof</value>
</kind>
<resource>
<identifier>
<catalog>URI</catalog>
<entry>https://www.canal-u.tv/producteurs/college_de_france/la_sagesse_collective_principes_et_mecanismes_college_de_france</entry>
</identifier>
<description>
<string language="fre"><![CDATA[La sagesse collective : principes et mécanismes (Collège de France)]]></string>
</description>
</resource>
</relation>
<classification>
<purpose>
<source>LOMv1.0</source>
<value>discipline</value>
</purpose>
<taxonPath>
<source>
<string language="fre"><![CDATA[Universités Numériques Thématiques 2009 http://www.universites-numeriques.fr]]></string>
</source>
<taxon>
<id/>
<entry>
<string language="fre"/>
</entry>
</taxon>
</taxonPath>
</classification>
<classification>
<purpose>
<source>LOMv1.0</source>
<value>discipline</value>
</purpose>
<taxonPath>
<source>
<string language="fre">CDD 22e éd.</string>
<string language="eng">DDC 22nd ed.</string>
</source>
<taxon>
<id>100</id>
<entry>
<string language="fre"><![CDATA[Philosophie et psychologie]]></string>
</entry>
</taxon>
</taxonPath>
<taxonPath>
<source>
<string language="fre">CDD 22e éd.</string>
<string language="eng">DDC 22nd ed.</string>
</source>
<taxon>
<id>302</id>
<entry>
<string language="fre"><![CDATA[Interaction sociale, communication]]></string>
</entry>
</taxon>
</taxonPath>
<taxonPath>
<source>
<string language="fre">CDD 22e éd.</string>
<string language="eng">DDC 22nd ed.</string>
</source>
<taxon>
<id>320</id>
<entry>
<string language="fre"><![CDATA[Science politique]]></string>
</entry>
</taxon>
</taxonPath>
</classification> </lom>